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Infectious
diseases that affect the nervous system constitute one sixth of neurological
consultation in primary care services worldwide. This study focusses mainly on
meningitis and also covers HIV associated neurological conditions and emerging
infections. Most of these diseases have a major socioeconomic impact in the
healthcare system as well as the family and can cause long term debilitation or
high mortality rates in some populations. The discussion covers meningitis, it
is the most common causes, clinical presentations, investigations used and
treatment regimens used based on the findings. Many challenges are faced during
the diagnosis and treatment, including late presentation, time consuming tests,
unnecessary brain scans leading to delayed diagnosis. Due to the shift of pathogens
causing meningitis from bacterial to viral in the last decade, changes were
required in the current strategies of management. Currently, lumbar puncture
and CSF analysis is the modality used for diagnosis. Meningitis mortality rates
remain as high as 30% in adults, despite technological advancements in the
methods of diagnosis and treatment. Continuous improvement in the diagnosis is
necessary to reduce the complications, morbidity and mortality in meningitis.
Lastly, the discussion will include certain neurological infections that have
been emerging in the last 20 years, including West Nile Virus, Ebola,
Hantavirus and cryptosporidiosis, requiring a broad-spectrum approach when
considering any neurological infection.
Keywords: Neuroinfectious diseases, Meningitis, Challenges
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